3rd Assignment

EMBEDDED QUESTIONS

An embedded question is a question that is included inside another question or statement. They are common after introductory phrases, such as :

There are 5 rules for using Embedded Questions :

Rule One
If the embedded question is part of a statement, use a period and not a question mark at the end of the sentence. Also, if the question is in the present or past simple verb tense, omit the auxiliary verbs do,does, and did and change the verb to its appropriate form, as in the example below.

- Direct question => What time did he leave ?
- Embedded question => I wonder what time he left.

Rule Two
If the embedded question includes an auxiliary verb or the verb “to be” , reverse the positions of the subject and the auxiliary verb, as in the examples below.

- Direct question => What did he say ?
- Embedded question => Could you tell me what he said?

Rule Three
Do not use a verbal contraction at the end of the sentence.

- Direct question => where is he?
- Correct embedded question => Do you know where he is?
- Incorrect Embedded question => Do you know where he’s?

Rule Four
Embedded questions are introduced by whether, whether or not , and if when there is no question word in the sentence ( yes/no questions). Example below.

- Direct yes/no question => Will he be there?       
- Embedded question :
a. Do you know if he will be there?
b. Do you know whether or not he will be there?
c. Do you know whether he will be there or not?

Rule Five
The infinitive can follow a question word or whether in embedded questions, as in the following example.

- Direct question => What should I do?
- Embedded question => Please tell me what should I do?
- Embedded question with An Infinitive => Please tell me what to do

Using embedded questions :

1. Politely asking for information
- Direct question => What time does the bus arrive?
- Embedded question => Could you tell me what time the bus arrives?

2. Talking about something which is unknown to the speaker
- Direct question => Why did she decide not to come with us?
- Embedded question => I don’t know why she decided not to come with us.

Note : The embedded question is in a statement, so it end with a period , not a question mark.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

The Zero Conditional
The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word “if” can usually be replaced by the word “when” without changing the meaning.

Type 1 Conditional
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

Type 2 Conditional
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

Type 3 Conditional
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

Mixed Type Conditional
The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

COMPARISONS(SUPERLATIVE/COMPARATIVE)

Comparison can be made using the three forms of the adjective.
Adjective is a word and it qualifies a noun. It gives more information about the noun.

Positive Degree
The Positive Degree is used to denote the mere existence of quality.
The Positive Degree of an adjective in comparison is the adjective in its simple form. It is used to denote the mere existence of some quality of what we speak about. It is used when no comparison is made.

Example :
- It is a tall building.
- Apple is sweet to taste.

Comparative Degree
The Comparative Degree is used to compare the qualities of two persons or things.
The Comparative Degree denotes the existence of a higher degree of the quality than the positive. It is used when two things (or two sets of things) are compared.

Example :
- This building is taller than any other building.
- Apple is sweeter than pear.

Superlative Degree
The Superlative Degree denotes the existence of the highest degree of the quality. It is used when more than two things are compared.

Example :
- This is the tallest building.
- Apple is the sweetest fruit.

The Superlative Degree is used when more than two nouns or things are compared.
- Johnsy is kind (Positive Degree)
- Johnsy is kinder than Rosy (Comparative Degree)
- Johnsy is the kindest of all (Superlative Degree)

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SOURCE :
Marjorie Fuchs, Bonner Margaret, Grammar Express for self study and classroom use , Addison Wesley Longman 2OO1
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2nd Assignment

PRESENT PERFECT

Formula :

The English Present Perfect tense is used to express actions which have already been completed, or perfected, at the time of speaking or writing. In the examples given below, the verbs in the Present Perfect tense are underlined.

Example :
I have done the work.
She has answered half the questions.

In the first example, the use of the Present Perfect tense emphasizes the fact that, at the time of speaking or writing, the work has already been completed. In the second example, the use of the Present Perfect indicates that, at the time of speaking or writing, half the questions have been answered.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Formula :

The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to express continuous, ongoing actions which have already been completed at the time of speaking or writing.
In the following example, the verb in the Present Perfect Continuous tense is underlined.

Example :
The bus has been waiting for one hour.

The use of the Present Perfect Continuous tense in this example indicates that, at the time of speaking or writing, the bus has completed one hour of continuous waiting.

PAST PERFECT

Formula :

The Past Perfect tense is used to refer to a non-continuous action in the past, which was already completed by the time another action in the past took place. In the following examples, the verbs in the Past Perfect tense are underlined.

Example :
She had heard the news before I saw her.
I had finished my work by the time the clock struck twelve.

In the preceding examples, the verbs had heard and had finished are in the Past Perfect tense, and the verbs saw and struck are in the Simple Past. The use of the Past Perfect tense indicates that the actions of hearing the news and finishing the work were already completed by the time the actions expressed by the verbs in the Simple Past took place.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Formula :

The Past Perfect Continuous tense is used to refer to a continuous, ongoing action in the past which was already completed by the time another action in the past took place. In the following examples, the verb in the Past Perfect Continuous tense are underlined.

Example :
I had been waiting for two months by the time I received the reply.
He had been thinking about his friends shortly before the called.

In the preceding examples, the verbs had been waiting and had been thinking are in the Past Perfect Continuous tense, and the verbs received and called are in the Simple Past. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous tense indicates that the actions of waiting and thinking were continuous, and were completed by the time the actions expressed by the verbs in the Simple Past took place.

SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT

Formula :

Just as pronouns must agree with their antecedents in person, case, and number, verbs also must agree with their subjects in person and in number.
The first person subject is the person or persons speaking in a sentence (I, we). The second person subject is the person or persons addressed (you, you). The third person subject refers to the person or thing spoken about and may be any noun or third-person (he, she, it, they).
Verbs agree with their subjects in number. Therefore, a singular subject takes a singular verb, a plural subject takes a plural verb.

Example :
The window is open.
Many computers are innovated from day to day.
Some companies need a manager who has multiple skills.
A child cries for ice-cream.

NOTE: Verbs have an opposite rule if we compare to nouns. Nouns always change their form when they are plural and keep the same form when they are singular. But for verbs, they always change their form when they are singular and keep the same form when they are plural.

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SOURCE :
Marjorie Fuchs, Bonner Margaret, Grammar Express for self study and classroom use, Addison Wesley Longman 2OO1.
Mary Ansell, Free English Grammar.

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1st Assignment

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Formula :

The Simple Present is one of four present tenses in English, and is used in various ways. In the examples given below, the verbs in the Simple Present tense are underlined.

For instance, the Simple Present can be used to refer to actions which occur at regular intervals.
Example :
We visit our friends every Sunday.
They take a holiday once a year.

The Simple Present is also used in stating general truths.
Example :
Gas expands when heated.
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world.

In addition, the Simple is used when referring to printed material, and when describing events portrayed in a book, film, or other work of art.
Example :
The report present the information clearly.
At the end of the film, the hero finds the hidden treasure.

Occasionally, the Simple Present is used to express actions occurring in the future or the past.
Example :
Our plane leaves at eight o'clock tomorrow night.
Burglar Steals Valuable Paintings

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Formula :

In English, the Present Continuous tense is usually used to express continuing, ongoing action which are taking place at the moment of speaking or writing. In the examples given below, the verbs in Present Continuous tense are underlined.
Example :
At the moment the plane is flying over the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

The Present Continuous tense is often used in conversation.
Example :
What are you doing ?
I am working on my English assignment.

Occasionally, the Present Continuous tense is used to refer to a future event.
Example :
we are leaving tomorrow.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Formula :

The uses of the Simple Past are somewhat similar to the uses of the Simple Present, except that past states or actions are expressed. In the examples given below, the verbs in the Simple Past are underlined.

For instance, the Simple Past can be used to express actions which occurred at regular intervals in the past.
Example :
Last year I drove to Yarmouth once a week.

In addition, the Simple Past is used to describe situations which existed for a period of time in the past.
Example :
Millions of years ago, dinosaurs inhabited the earth.

The Simple Past is also used to express non-continuous actions which occurred at a definite time in the past.
Example :
Columbus reached America in 1492.

PAST CONTINUOUS

Formula :

The Past Continuous tense is used to express continuous, ongoing action which took place in the past. In the following examples, the verbs in the Past Continuous tense are underlined.
Example :
He was traveling in Europe last summer.

The Past Continuous tense is frequently used to refer to an onging action which was taking place when something else occurred in the past.
Example :
I was washing the dishes when the telephone rang.
We were entertaining friend when the parcel arrived.

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SOURCE :
Marjorie Fuchs, Bonner Margaret, Grammar Express for self study and classroom use, Addison Wesley Longman 2OO1.
Mary Ansell, Free English Grammar.

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Tugas BIB2

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

 

Tugas 1 : 1st Assignment
Tugas 2 : 2nd Assignment
Tugas 3 : 3rd Assignment

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